文學論 · 第六章 對置法

夏目漱石 《文學論》
搭配同種或類似的f的技術,叫做「調和法」,而搭配異種尤其是相反的f時,便可稱之為「對置法」。 正如上文所說,調和法是第一、二、三種聯想的變體,對置法是將第四種聯想法加以擴大,第四種聯想法的宗旨,是依靠某種共通性,將兩種不相干的事物聯結起來,並將其差異加以對照;對置法也依靠同樣的方法,旨在喚起某種興味。以下將這幾個方法的關係加以辨析。 調和法之於對置法,類似於第一、二、三種聯想法之於第四種聯想法。正如第一、二、三種和第四種一樣,都產生於兩要素之間的共通性;同樣的,調和法和對置法也有極其接近的地方。不但如此,從某種意義上說,把後者視為前者的一個方面,也未嘗不可。假若把調和分成階段的話,一端須是完全相同的二物之配合,另一端又須是完全不同的二物之聯結。對置就是指這一端而言。換言之,也就是消極的調和。兩者的關係,就像死與生的關係。從另一方面來說,生與死不是相隔絕的二物,死不過是生的一個變相而已。憂苦也是生,憤怒也是生,同樣地,意識內容空虛的時候也是生。恰如在x = a,x = b, etc.的時候,x = 0也無疑是x的一個價值。對置的時候也是一樣。aa是重複的配合,ab是最密接的配合;以下ac, ad, ae等而至於az,都是一種配合。而對置法不過是兩種極端的調和。因此,對置法與調和法,其間雖有顯著的不同,但是再深究下去,其區別可就頗為複雜了。 這樣一來,在形式上,對置法雖然無妨看作是調和法的一個變種,但就其性質而言,本質上是積極與消極兩極的配合,所以自然而然就要打破所謂調和,這是不言而喻的。我在前一章主張調和的必要,現在又說對置法,主張打破這種調和,認為這是文學中的必要的修辭方法,這恰似早上主張救人,晚上主張殺人一樣,看上去似乎不免自相矛盾。然而,若是通讀下文的論述,大體就會明白此兩者最終並不是相互排斥的。 對置法大致有三種:第一種是用b之f來緩和a之f的;第二種是對置的結果(即感興)自然而然地與調和的結果達成一致;第三種類似於上述的第四聯想法,多少帶有滑稽趣味。對以上三種,姑且稱第一種為「緩勢法」,第二種為「強勢法」,第三種為「不對法」。 第一節 緩勢法 毫無疑問,在「人事的材料」與「天然的材料」兩者之間,有「緩勢」的必要。正如睡眠之於覺醒,意識活動的最清醒狀態超過十二小時就難以承受了,自然就需要睡眠來緩和外界的刺激。又如泡菜之於肥肉。鰻魚為最富於脂肪的油膩的食物,故用清素的泡菜為之緩和。鰻魚館子的泡菜是特別講究的,以此足見此中道理了。常吃西餐的西洋人,飯後以水果為不可缺少的副食,這也似乎是依從自然規律所採取的緩勢法吧。文學上的緩勢法,也是順應這種自然的要求而成立的。一味哭著,一味發怒,這不是我們所能受得了的。當我們的緊張到一定程度或超過一定限度而感到苦不堪言的時候,作家有時便給我們一服清涼劑,使人舒緩苦悶。不明此理者疊床架屋、強求讀者的眼淚,或者欲使讀者義憤填膺,這樣就使人失去了餘裕。過於緊張侷促,至死不解自然,往往弄巧成拙,卻怪讀者不服,這是世間的迂腐,也是文學中的迂腐。在小說中,主題以外又插入許多閒話,為的便是要達到這種緩勢的目的。或將話題分為兩三個線索,穿插並行,也都是基於這種方法。釣魚者若心急拉直釣魚線,魚兒就會逃脫。世相如此,文章也是如此。 緩勢法是在長篇幅中才有必要,難以在一語一句之中找到例證。故而我們宜從長篇中舉例。司各特的《拉美摩爾的新娘》是敘述男女相思的作品,描寫戀愛的失敗,導致悲慘結局。整體上是令人悲傷的故事,於是作者便加上了一個滑稽人物,散點各處。有了這個人物,全篇就有了緩和的分子。一旦有了緩和的分子,讀者便在興味上沒有窘迫不安了。莎士比亞在戲劇《麥克白》中,就特別使用了這種方法,使整篇的悲悽氣氛得以舒緩。莎翁在開章第一頁,便請來一群妖魔,首先點出了全篇的基調;之後,描寫腥風暗雨、磷火鬼氣,使魍魎之影躍然紙上,把讀者嚇得心驚肉跳。遂使讀者在迎送去來中,始終感到驚心動魄,當此之時,忽然出現一片碧空,流入一陣和煦清風,於是讀者為之稍能心安靜氣。看看下面所引的例子,是怎樣地充滿著和怡之氣,而前一節又是怎樣地陰森。再看看其後一段是怎樣地光怪陸離、鮮血淋漓。倘若沒有這一節,我們就將不堪忍受陰森之氣,半途掩卷而去了。 「Duncan. This castle hath a pleasant seat; the air Nimbly and sweetly recommends itself Unto our gentle senses. Banquo.   This guest of summer, The temple-haunting martlet, does approve, By his loved mansionry, that the heaven’s breath Smells wooingly here: no jutty, frieze, Buttress, nor coign of vantage, but this bird Hath made his pendent bed and procreant cradle: Where they most breed and haunt, I have observed, The air is delicate.」 — Macbeth, Act I. sc. vi. ll. 1-11. 第二節 強勢法 強勢法不是為緩和a而使用b,而是新加入b這一材料,來放大a的效果。也是對置法的一種,雖與前節所說的緩勢法無異,不過由於著眼點的不同,便有必要如此分類了。 所謂著眼點的不同是什麼呢?以b及於a的影響(即從a的f扣除b的f′之後的結果)而形成對置時,即成為緩勢法;再以a、b所有的f和f′為獨立物,從而形成對置時,即成為強勢法。為什麼呢?因為這種時候,a在文學上發展而成2f,b也一樣變化成為2f′。換言之,不是(f-f),而是f因有f′故成為2f,而f′因有了f故而成為2f′。就其結果而言,就與調和法不期而然地酷似了。以食物來比喻,蔬菜是食物之粗者,然而在某時某場合,這粗食便一下子等於大餐了。所謂某時某場合,比方說一農夫終日忙於耕作,辛苦一天回到家裡吃飯。 對置的強勢法,就是配b於a之前,使b在某時某場合使用。普遍的a,終於是a,不能動移它;若一旦對置之以b時,a的價值便在猛然間上升了。強勢法雖是對置,卻與調和法異途同歸,原因就在這裡。魚是食之美味,熊掌也是食之美味。在魚之外加以熊掌,而領略來自兩者相加的美味,這就類似調和法。強勢法的這種搭配變化,不是將配合物相加而形成的,而是使前者的性質反映於後者之上,使後者之質得以提升。方法之不同不用說,結果的優劣也不用說,只有在宗旨目的上,兩者是一致的。懂畫的人大概都知道,為集視線於一點白,只有兩種方法,一是加筆於白本身,二是加筆於白的周圍,兩種方法在結果上是一致的。白上加白,欲使其色更顯著,這一方法類似於調和法;而在周圍加暗色,白本身不加改動,只是使其在昏暗中凸顯異彩,這就類似強勢法。 我認為,或成為強勢法,或成為緩勢法,其間之不同只在著眼點,這也可以舉例加以證明。比如這裡有百金賜予窮人,此百金既達緩和的目的,同時又有強勢的作用。若窮人得此百金而救其窮,又能撫慰他的痛苦這一角度來看,那就好比是緩勢法;若窮人因陷於飢餓,將此百金視為萬金,從這一層面上看來,百金的價值,頃刻化成了萬金,這就好比是強勢法。這兩者的差異,雖然只是觀察點的不同,既然觀察點不同,它們所喚起的情緒,在程度上,在類別上,都各有顯著名特色,所以特地分出此節加以論述。以下舉例說明。 「Go thou to Richmond, and good fortune guide thee![to Dorset] Go thou to Richard, and good angels guard thee![to Anne] Go thou to sanctuary, and good thoughts possess thee![to Q. Elizabeth] I to my grave, where peace and rest lie with me! Eighty odd years of sorrow have I seen, And each hour’s joy wreck』d with a week of teen.」 — Richard III, Act IV. sc. i. ll. 92-7. 這是自然的對置,並不是特地請幾個人來反襯自己。本是對別人說話,說到自己時,才生出映照之妙,使最後一句特別提神。狄更斯描述小耐兒(Little Nell),就是用了這樣的筆致: 「But all that night, waking or in my sleep, the same thoughts recurred, and the same images retained possession of my brain. I had, ever before me, the old dark murky rooms—the gaunt suits of mail with their ghostly silent air—the faces all awry, grinning from wood and stone—the dust, and rust, and worm that lives in wood—and alone in the midst of all this lumber and decay and ugly age, the beautiful child in her gentle slumber, smiling through her light and sunny dreams.」 — Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, chap. i. 把美麗的小耐兒和她的夢,置於老屋子、老家具、灰塵、蟲子和五彩剝落的黑暗裡,真仿佛點鐵成金。 至於艾略特所用以描寫蒂娜(Tina)時所使用的對置,堪稱天下妙文,如下: 「In this way Tina wore out the long hours of the windy moonlight, till at last, with weary aching limbs, she lay down in bed again, and slept from mere exhaustion. While this poor little heart was being bruised with a weight too heavy for it, Nature was holding on her calm inexorable way, in unmoved and terrible beauty. The stars were rushing in their eternal courses; the tides swelled to the level of the last expectant weed; the sun was making brilliant day to busy nations on the other side of the swift earth.The stream of human thought and deed was hurrying and broadening onward. The astronomer was at his telescope; the great ships were labouring over the waves; the toiling eagerness of commerce, the f ierce spirit of revolution, were only ebbing in brief rest; and sleepless statesmen were dreading the possible crisis of the morrow. What were our little Tina and her trouble in this mighty torrent, rushing from one awful unknown to another? Lighter than the smallest centre of quivering life in the water-drop, hidden and uncared for as the pulse of anguish in the breast of the tiniest bird that has f luttered down to its nest with the long-sought food, and has found the nest torn and empty.」 — Eliot, Scenes of Clerical Life, Mr. Gilfu’s Love-Story, chap. v. 雪萊的《在那不勒斯附近沮喪而作》(Stanzas written in Dejection, near Naples),或華茲華斯的《撈水蛭的人,或決心與自立》(The Leech-Gatherer),可以說完全是用此法構成全篇的。不過論其巧拙,則自有不同。華茲華斯的是: 「The birds are singing in the distant woods; Over his own sweet voice the Stockdove broods; The Jay makes answer as the Magpie chatters; And all the air is f illed with pleasant noise of waters. 」 The Leech-Gatherer, ll. 4-7. 前頭描寫歡快的自然,到後半才說:「I saw a Man before me unawares: The oldest man he seemed that ever wore grey hairs.」(ll. 55-6.),用以點綴孤客,兩者形成對置。但因中間插入了種種主觀感慨或理智教訓,故而幾乎把對置的效果打消了。本來,他似乎是要避開突兀的對置,而用一種感想把對置的兩個材料聯繫起來,而暗暗地由甲轉移到乙。這是他用意周到之處,其實卻成了他的敗筆。對置必須突兀。突兀然後才能用於強勢。若徐徐移步,自一極至一極時,則兩極之差一時不能反映到讀者眼裡,所以我們可能會忽略這種反襯。像下面舉出的數行詩,就對置法來說,不但無效,反而是有害的。 「But, as it sometimes chanceth, from the might Of joy in minds that can no further go, As high as we have mounted in delight In our dejection do we sink as low.」 — Ibid., ll. 22-5. 雪萊的作品則完全與此相反。兩個材料之間不使用任何連鎖,從甲轉移到乙,恰似從光明的天空落下來,忽而墜入暗窖之中。從而極其明顯地由對置產生感興。 「The sun is warm, the sky is clear, The waves are dancing fast and bright, Blue isles and snowy mountains wear The purple noon’s transparent might, The breath of the moist earth is light, Around its unexpanded buds; Like many a voice of one delight, The winds, the birds, the ocean f loods, The City’s voice itself is soft like Solitude’s.」 — Stanzas written in Dejection, near Naples, st. i. 敘述優美溫潤之景,至此卻突然一下轉入「did any heart now share in my emotion」,徑直抒發失意之情: 「Alas! I have nor hope nor health, Nor peace within nor calm around, Nor that content surpassing wealth The sage in meditation found, And walked with inward glory crowned— Nor fame, nor power, nor love, nor leisure. Others I see whom these surround— Smiling they live, and call life pleasure;— To me that cup has been dealt in another measure.」 — Ibid., st. iii. 大有拔地而起、巍然聳立之概。又如彭斯的名詩: 「Ye banks and braes o』bonnie Doon, How can ye bloom sae fair! How can ye chant, ye little birds, And I sae fu』 o』 care! Thou』ll break my heart, thou bonnie bird, That sings upon the bough; Thou minds me o』the happy days When my fause Luve was true.」 也是用了同樣的對置法,近乎天籟妙音。 再看最後一例: 「He goes through shrubby walks these friends among, Love in their looks and honour on the tongue; Nay, there’s a charm beyond what nature shows, The bloom is softer and more sweetly glows; — Pierced by no crime, and urged by no desire For more than true and honest hearts require, They feel the calm delight, and thus proceed Through the green lane—then linger in the mead — Stray o』er the heath in all its purple bloom — And pluck the blossom where the wild bees hum; Then through the broomy bound with ease they pass, And press the sandy sheep-walk’s slender grass, Where dwarf ish f lowers among the gorse are spread, And the lamb browses by the linnet’s bed; Then 』cross the bounding brook they make their way O』er its rough bridge—and there behold the bay! — The ocean smiling to the fervid sun — The waves that faintly fall and slowly run — The ships at distance and the boats at hand; And now they walk upon the sea side sand, Counting the number and what kind they be, Ships softly sinking in the sleepy sea; Now arm in arm, now parted, they behold The glitt』ring waters on the shingles roll』d; The timid girls, half dreading their design, Dip the small foot in the retarded brine, And search for crimson weeds, which spreading f low, Or lie like pictures on the sand below; With all those bright red pebbles that the sun Through the small waves so softly shines upon; And those live lucid jellies which the eye Delights to trace as they swim glitt』ring by: Pearl-shells and rubied star-f ish they admire, And will arrange above the parlour-f ire, — Tokens of bliss!—『Oh! horrible! a wave Roars as it rises—save me, Edward! save!』 She cries—Alas! The watchman on his way Calls and lets in—truth, terror, and the day!」 — Crabbe[1] , The Borough, Letter xxiii. 用於對置的主要材料,不過是最後兩行,其餘三四十行,可以說都是為了使主要材料提高自己價值而在前頭做的鋪墊。這是以過去的順境配眼下的逆境,因而敘說過去的行樂愈是詳細,對目前憂愁之念的表現就愈深。游于山而不盡興,便游於野;游於野而不盡興,便游於水。在砂暖波清之處,與佳人攜手品貝評藻,忽而大浪掀來,佳人大叫郎君救我!駭然睜眼一看,原來不是佳人,卻是獄警看守的聲音。自己身坐監房之中,徒待死日之來臨。結句雖然僅僅兩行,但截然劃出明暗二境,翻一筋斗,從一處墜到另一處,故其動人至深。 附:假對法 一般都把「假對法」看作是尋常的對置,考之具體作品,卻不盡然。若從形似來說,與上面各節所述情形略同,然而若稍加心理上的解析,便會知道它既非(f—f)這種緩勢法,也不是2f或2f′這種強勢法。根本上,它的結果和調和法無異,以公式來表示,大致可作(f+f)吧。雖是對置而又無對置之實,故稱之為「假對法」。像那上述的《麥克白》中的門衛那一場,就是典型的例子。門衛的話,不用說是帶著滑稽的。而在弒逆之血未乾時,他登場了。故從其性質來看,或從配合上來看,都屬於對置。儘管是對置,試分析其結果,卻又不是緩勢法,也不是純粹的強勢法。若能把這個分清,「假對法」便自然分明了。在此之前,先看看那門衛的話: 「Here’s a knocking indeed! If a man were porter of hell-gate, he should have old turning the key. [Knocking within.] Knock, knock, knock! Who’s there, i』 the name of Beelzebub? Here’s a farmer, that hanged himself on the expectation of plenty: come in time; have napkins enow about you; here you』ll sweat for』t.[Knocking within.] Knock, knock! Who’s there, in the other devil’s name? Faith, here’s an equivocater, that could swear in both the scales against either scale; who committed treason enough for God’s sake yet could not equivocate to heaven: O, come in, equivocator. [Knocking within.] Knock, knock, knock! Who’s there? Faith, here’s an English tailor come hither, for stealing out of a French hose: come in, tailor; here you may roast your goose. [Knocking within.] Knock, knock; never at quiet! What are you? But this place is too cold for hell. I』ll devil-porter it no further: I had thought to have let in some of all professions that go the primrose way to the everlasting bonf ire. [Knocking within.] Anon, anon! I pray you, remember the porter.」 — Act II. sc. iii. ll. 1-25. 各家對此節的評論,看法不一。有人認為這完全為後人所偽作,與莎士比亞無關(是柯勒律治所言)。若以此說為真,我們就沒有必要再說什麼了。認為門衛的這段冗詞贅語依然出自莎翁手筆者,有黑爾斯(Hales)和克拉克(Clarke)兩家,他們的看法頗合我意。克拉克說,門衛的獨白,是「對置」而又「調和」,可謂一語中的。他所謂對置與調和,究竟是不是我所用含義,不得而知,然而一般而論,應與我的見解相差不遠。在殺人的血腥之後綴以醉漢的囈語,這顯然是對置;而且此囈語,又不能緩和前段的陰森鬼氣,所以不是緩勢法。再則,這段囈語又不映襯前段的鬼氣,從而提高作為一種囈語的滑稽價值,所以也不是強勢法。總之,這一段囈語,有瞻前照後、為周邊情景添加痛切氣氛的功效,故可為調和之用。所謂周邊情景,即指暗澹而陰鬱的氣氛。被點綴於這種氣氛中的數行諧謔之語,雖具有諧謔的形態,但自其精神實質而言,卻不外是添趣於黯淡、加味於陰鬱的一種調和劑而已。我就是要證明這一點。如果有人否定這一點,那就是他在感受力上和我格格不入,所以就不必多說了。 現象,不是以訴諸視聽為最終目的。我們的頭腦,對於經過視聽而認識的諸現象,非附以一種解釋不可。所謂解釋,是在視覺聽覺以外,在現象中確認某種意義,不過是此現象帶給我們頭腦的內部信息罷了。獲得這種信息的人,不單是觀察世相,而且也確實是看破了實相的人。所謂「實相」,不只是宗教家所謂的「絕對」(如果有絕對的話),而是指男女老幼各應其分、縱橫剖析,以得其真。而其解釋之所以必須個別地進行,不是因為同一現象的各個部分感動他們,而是因為對同一現象的著眼點因人而異。這個著眼點的不同,再往上溯,便歸結為經驗的不同。甲的經驗與乙不同,它對a現象這樣著眼,這樣解釋;乙的經驗又不同於甲,它又對a現象是那樣著眼,那樣解釋。這樣一來,我們對於現象的解釋,最終為我們經驗的惰性所支配。讀文章猶如看世相。光看一字一句的表面意思還不行,有時為惰性所支配,還是以因循的眼光去看一字一句,並試圖發現其內在意義,或者想賦予其別的意義。門衛的囈語流於諧謔,上文已經說了。然而諧謔,不過是字面上的尋常意義而已。我們讀此劇一直讀到這個獨白時,都在不知不覺之間循著業已形成的著眼點。以這個著眼點看問題,我們就因循既定的惰性,將劇中的大小事件,都一律解讀下去。而這時候的惰性,無非就是悽愴之氣、恐怖之念。居於悽愴之氣,住於恐怖之念的人,看到這種諧謔時,是按字面加以解釋呢,還是依從惰性而求內在含義呢?如要求內在信息,那將在滑稽的背後看出什麼東西?所看出的東西,非悽愴之氣、恐怖之念不可嗎? 由著眼點的不同而產生出來的不同解釋,最普通的是「正意」與「反意」兩種差異。解成正意者,指鳥為鳥;解成反意者,指鳥為鷺。兩者之色儘管如此相反,但是若舉出其一,其他就已經有了暗示,隨手即可拈來了。這是由於它們的性質偏處兩極,彼此互為反撥之力甚強。因而市井俗人往往利用此法來揶揄他人。所謂揶揄,不過是使他人意識到著眼點之不一樣,將解釋陷於模稜兩可中。這是表示流俗的語言有容納兩面解釋的餘地,同時又充分足以證明他們的解釋大多是朝著這個方面的。那門衛的科白,由正意解之,顯然是滑稽的。然若自反意斟酌其意義,那不過是潛伏於滑稽之對極的一種情緒罷了。不必說這種情緒裡面,是含著陰森鬼氣之情緒的。這種鬼氣是貫穿全劇,包圍著讀者。因此,突然點出門衛的科白時,讀者不但不加以正意的解釋,甚至探索其反意的工夫都沒有了,整體的氛圍,令他們覺得這滑稽是悽愴的、血腥的、恐怖的。 以正反兩解這一角度看這個問題時,我們可以在狂人的語言中發見最有力的佐證。大凡狂人所說的話,大多是無邏輯、無秩序、不規則、突兀而不得要領的。若以正意解之,不流於滑稽的恐怕很少;而從反意加以解釋時,卻又無不帶有深深的悲哀之情。我曾在倫敦的小劇場觀看伶人扮演奧菲麗婭(Ophelia)。劇場的那些不讀書不認字的人,聽到狂女的科白,都笑聲不止。這都是因為只由正意來解釋奧菲麗婭,並從中感到滑稽。 「How should I your true love know From another one? By his cockle hat and staff, And his sandal shoon. 」 — Hamlet, Act IV. sc. v. ll. 23-6. 猝然跑到王妃之前唱這種歌,從正面來解釋,免不了有滑稽之感。對於「How do you, pretty lady?」之問,回答是: 「Well, God 』ild you! They say the owl was a baker’s daughter. Lord, we know what we are, but know not what we may be. God be at your table!」 — Ibid., Act IV. sc. v. ll. 41-4. 這話若照字面看去,自然也屬於滑稽了。華茲華斯在寫棄婦路得(Ruth)時說: 「I, too, have passed her on the hills Setting her little water-mills By spouts and fountains wild — Such small machinery as she turned Ere she had wept, ere she had mourned, A young and happy Child!」 身為一個大人,卻表演這樣的兒戲,從正面看上去,我們的感覺依然不免是滑稽。由此看來,把嘲笑奧菲麗婭、嘲笑路得視為不合常情,正如不能把狂人的言行做正常理解一樣。以常理而論,做正常理解是正常的,反之是權宜的。而之所以拿權宜的理解來代替正常的理解,只不過前後的事情促使我們如此理解而已。不受這種事情之誘導的人,要將奧菲麗婭的狂態滑稽化,那也可以說是妥當的。至於在個中看出悲酸之味,使悲慘的氣氛瀰漫於狂言綺語之間,那只有是識文解字的人,能放棄從劇情中得來的惰性,然後才能做到。至此,反解才得以與周圍的情形相映,並在不知不覺間漸入自然之境。因而奧菲麗婭的科白本來是滑稽的,而有教養的人卻視之為悲哀,這是他們對莎翁的理解使然。是他們理解莎翁、並在莎翁所創造的藝術氛圍中棲息之故。棲息於此氛圍之中,無論何人都要從這個著眼點來解釋那段科白,這是自然的要求,故而他們不能想像這段科白中有滑稽成分,於是便作相反的理解。如果明白這樣解釋奧菲麗婭是自然,且這樣解釋又是反意而非正意,便可以知道將門衛的科白理解為悲哀之意,雖是反意,卻是極其自然而妥當的。能夠理解這一點,也就能理解莎翁寫的這一節,具有對置的形式,卻又有調和之用。 要在文學史上尋找這樣的作品例證,那是舉不勝舉的。下面所引一節,通讀之後特別引發我的興味,故引用如下。讀者若想像一下獄卒一邊不停地磨刀霍霍,一邊高聲哼著小調的那種毫無顧忌的樣子,就可以理解兩者的對置,是如何具有調和之效了: 「『Take care of yourselves, masters,』 observed Mauger. 『I must attend to business.』 『Never mind us,』laughed Wolfytt, observing the executioner take up an axe and after examining its edge, begin to sharpen it.』 Grind away.』 『This is for Lord Guilford Dudley,』 remarked Mauger, as he turned the wheel with his foot.』 I shall need two axes to-morrow.』 『Sharp work,』 observed Wolfytt, with a detestable grin. 『You would think so were I to try one on you,』 retorted Mauger.』 Ay, now it will do,』 he added, laying aside the implement and taking up another. 『This is my favorite axe. I can make sure work with it. I always keep it for queens or dames of high degree—ho! ho! This notch, which I can never grind away, was made by the old Countess of Salisbury, that I told you about. It was a terrible sight to see her white hair dabbled with blood. Poor Lady Jane won』t give me so much trouble, I』ll be sworn. She』ll die like a lamb.』 『Ay, ay,』 muttered Sorrocold.『God send her a speedy death!』 『She’s sure of it with me,』 returned Mauger, 『so you may rest easy on that score.』 And as he turned the grindstone quickly round, drawing sparks from the steel, he chanted, as hoarsely as a raven, the following ditty: — The axe was sharp, and heavy as lead, As it touched the neck, off went the bend! Whir—whir—whir—whir! And the screaming of the grindstone formed an appropriate accompaniment to the melody. Queen Anne laid her white throat upon the block, Quietly waiting the fatal shock; The axe it severed it right in twain, And so quick—so true—that she felt no pain! Whir—whir—whir—whir!」 — Ainsworth[2], The Tower of London, chap. xl. 第三節 不對稱法 強勢的對置,是把f′添加於f,意在暫時提高f的價值,故而是以f為本位的;緩勢的對置,同樣也是把f′加於f,意在暫時放低f的價值,故而也是f本位。從兩要素的次序上來說,在強勢法中,一般是以客體的f′先出來,主體的f從之;緩勢法即反之,主體f出來後,客體之f′繼之,這是通例。而「假對法」的目的,是依靠f和f′的結合而能生出新的f″,故本體不單在f,也不單在f′,而是兩者的結合。 此節所要說的「不對稱法」,在f與f′之間難以確定何為本位這一點上,類似假對法。示之以公式,假對法是f與f′結合起來合而生出f″,故可以用f + f′ = f″來表示;然而在「不對稱法」中,不但兩要素的本位不能定,又沒有兩要素合而為一的跡象,失去了強勢法、緩勢法所共通的特色,又不能帶假對法的性質。換言之,這裡的f和f′兩要素無緣形成對立,而且即便對立也不能產生任何感應。換句話說,就是這兩種要素不能相乘,不能相除,也不能相加減。我們對這兩要素加以審視、掂量,但最終沒有辦法將其捏合在一起。它們不期而然地公然對立著。那對立的態度,就好像是接受了天地開闢以來就應該非對立不可的大法命令,雙方都有「與我何干」的態度,對立以後和對立以前沒什麼不同。我們看到這樣無緣的兩種要素被猝然撮合在一起而感到吃驚,在產生不調和之感的一剎那,看到這無緣的兩種要素如此泰然、滿不在乎地形成對立,我們又被打動了,忽然我們便不再覺得不調和,轉而站在矛盾滑稽的角度,為自己擺脫單一視角的束縛而感到開心,而其結果,便大笑,或微笑,這就是「不對稱法」的特性。有了此種特性,這種「不對稱法」與前面所說第四種聯想法,便遙相呼應了。比如說:「正成[3]哭而諫正行曰……」這裡點出了一個「哭」字,便使人覺得很恰切。現在試用「打哈欠」來代替「哭」字如何?再代之以「喝著啤酒」又如何呢?或進一步寫作「正成擤著鼻涕,諫正行曰……」又怎樣呢?正成的忠諫與擤鼻涕的行為,兩種不協調的行為結合在一起,給人以預想之外的超然和旁若無人的感覺,我們便超越了不調和感,仿佛進入天地渾融的解脫境界。 這樣的作品例證實在不少。《棄兒湯姆·瓊斯史》中描寫毛麗(Molly)這個窮人家的姑娘因為身著盛裝而出現在教堂,便惹得四鄰的嫉妒了,終於引發了一場喜劇,作者寫道: 「Ye Muses, then, whoever ye are, who love to sing battles, and principally thou who whilom didst recount the slaughter in those f ields where Hudibras and Trulla fought, if thou wert not starved with thy friend Butler, assist me on this great occasion. All things are not in the rower of all.」 — Bk. IV. chap. viii. 這裡所描寫的是俗夫俗婦之爭。而所描寫的情景,卻像從九天請來了詩神,真是神來之筆,把人間俗事寫得莊重典雅。此兩者不該對立,然而卻無視一切習慣,置天下嘲笑於不顧,而使兩者對立了。因為對立而未形成強勢的f,沒有產生緩和的f,也不將兩者結合而產生一個新的f。它們不相冒犯,而是各自獨立,他們的對立是既對立而又不相干,有如肚兜之於緞袍的關係。然而「不對稱法」還不止於此。以《源平盛衰記》[4]那樣的筆調,描寫泥瓦匠之間爭鬥的菲爾丁[5],接著又寫道: 「As a vast herd of cows in a rich farmer’s yard, if, while they are milked, they hear their calves at a distance, lamenting the robbery which is then committing, roar and bellow; so roared forth the Somersetshire mob an hallaloo, made up of almost as many squalls, screams, and other different sounds as there were persons, or indeed passions among them: some were inspired by rage, others alarmed by fear, and others had nothing in their heads but the love of fun; but chief ly Envy, the sister of Satan, and his constant companion, rushed among the crowd, and blew up the fury of the women; who no sooner came up to Molly than they pelted her with dirt and rubbish.」 — Ibid. 這是借荷馬的史詩筆調來描寫乞丐的叫聲,出乎意外地不相干而又矛盾對立,因而作為「不對稱法」是成功的。然而這矛盾發展了一段,又進了一步: 「Molly, having endeavoured in vain to make a handsome retreat, faced about; and laying hold of ragged Bess, who advanced in the front of the enemy, she at one blow felled her to the ground. The whole army of the enemy (though near a hundred in number), seeing the fate of their general, gave back many paces, and retired behind a new-dug grave; for the churchyard was the f ield of battle, where there was to be a funeral that very evening. Molly pursued her victory, and catching up a skull which lay on the side of the grave, discharged it with such fury, that having hit a tailor on the head, two skulls sent equally forth a hollow sound at their meeting, and the tailor took presently measure of his length on the ground, where the skulls lay side by side, and it was doubtful which was the more valuable of the two. Molly then taking a thigh-bone in her hand, fell in among the f lying ranks, and dealing her blows with great liberality on either side, overthrew the carcass of many a mighty hero and heroine.」 — Ibid. 打扮得像一個良家小姐,忸怩作態,卻突然發飆,本來面目在拳打腳踢之間暴露出來了,這是一種「不對稱法」。然而作者的藝術技巧還不止於此。把這樣的悍婦,在神聖的寺院加以描寫,這就是「不對稱法」;敘述紛擾喧騷之後,順便說一句:當夜有人出殯,新挖了一墓穴,這是「不對稱法」;毛麗奮然拿起地上的骷髏,憤然投向敵人,這是「不對稱法」;妙齡的女子拿著死人的枯骨,勇猛地躍入敵陣,這是「不對稱法」。而貫穿於全篇的,是毫不猶疑地使用莊嚴的荷馬文體,這尤其突出地使用了「不對稱法」。 被用於對置的兩種要素,在性質上不得太悲慘,也不得太嚴肅,至少也要容許為了表現滑稽趣味而剔除道德觀念。沉默者忽然變成喋喋不休的饒舌者,是為不對稱法,足以引起讀者興味;但是一個溫順者忽然變成殺人者,這種不對稱似乎就不能以滑稽視之了。一個耽於苦思冥想的人而跌入泥溝,作為不對稱法固然是恰當的,然而若寫他掉進深井而死,諧謔之趣頃刻消失了。把不嚴重的材料對置使用,或在不經意間把嚴重的材料用作平淡的材料使用,都是可以的。試翻開《項狄傳》(Tristram Shandy)讀一讀這一節: 「Now, whether it was physically impossible, with half a dozen hands all thrust into the napkin at one time,—but that some one chestnut, of more life and rotundity than the rest, must be put in motion,—it so fell out, however, that one was actually sent rolling off the table: and as Phutatorius sat straddling under,—it fell perpendicularly into that particular aperture of Phutatorius’s breeches, for which, to the shame and indelicacy of our language be it spoke, there is no chaste word throughout all Johnson’s Dictionary:—let it suff ice to say,—it was that particular aperture which, in all good societies,the laws of decorum do strictly require,like the temple of Janus (in peace at least),to be universally shut up ... The genial warmth which the chestnut imparted, was not undelectable for The f irst twenty or f ive-and-twenty seconds;—and did no more than gently solicit Phutatorius’s attention towards the part;—but the heat gradually increasing, and, in a few seconds more, getting beyond the point of all sober pleasure, and then advancing with all speed into the regions of pain, the soul of Phutatorius, together with all his ideas, his thoughts, his attention, his imagination, judgment, resolution. deliberation, and ratiocination, memory, fancy, with ten battalions of animal spirits, all tumultuously crowded down, through different def iles and circuits, to the place in danger, leaving all his upper regions, as you may imagine, as empty as my purse.」 — Vol. IV. chap. xxvii. 一方面想像一個嚴肅的學者,另一方面想像那燒熱的栗子落入他的大腿之間,這種描寫所具有的不對稱法的趣味,是任何人都會承認的。須知這種寫法之所以深有感興,只是因為燒栗子這種平淡的材料。倘若代之以毒蛇,則滑稽之趣便會瞬間消失了。毒蛇之害人,絕非燒栗子可比。若換成毒蛇,則我們的注意力便被毒蛇如何害人所牽制,不對稱法也就視而不見了。無論寫燒栗子,還是寫毒蛇,都是不對稱。然而要知道,不對稱法有沒有效果,是取決於兩者之間如何選擇的。 當我們在個人身上發現此種不對稱法時,就禁不住有滑稽的快感了。有時,這種滑稽的快感,比起自然產生的來,那些人為製造的不對稱更叫人覺得愉快。人為造成的不對稱,往往以兩種形式出現於現實世界。其一是惡作劇,其二是撒謊。使用這兩種方法時,我們使他人陷於矛盾尷尬的境地。正如用放風箏的繩子,把穿著體面的紳士的帽子刮到地上一樣。用這兩種形式,將不對稱法應用現實世界時,我們便把別人置於矛盾境地,這一點上不能不含一些不道德的成分。故其涉及的對象必須是在矛盾尷尬中覺得有趣的灑脫的人,或是神經遲鈍、感覺不到這種矛盾尷尬的人,抑或由於某種原因,不得不陷於尷尬、失去面子。而一旦濫用這種形式而毫無顧忌時,我們便無法體會使對象陷於矛盾的那種滑稽感了,反而會變成對人不講道德的無賴漢。外國的所謂喜劇中,到處充滿了這種「不對稱法」,反而會令讀者產生不快之感。這是因為他們為了利用此法給讀者以滑稽感,竟然把那些不該讓其陷入矛盾尷尬之境的溫厚篤厚的人,弄得困窘不堪。這樣不道德的作家是輕佻的作家,讀這種作品而覺得滑稽者,是輕佻的讀者。淳樸之風衰微、浮靡之風興盛,使世風墮落時,才會出現這樣的作品。故而這種作品,是開化的產物,又是現代都市的產物。 * * * [1]喬治·克雷布(George Crabbe, 1754—1832),英國詩人,以擅長用樸素的語言如實描繪日常生活而聞名,代表作有《村莊》、《教區記事錄》等。 [2]威廉·哈里森·安斯沃思(William Harrison Ainsworth, 1805—1882),英國歷史小說家。 [3]正成:即楠木正成(?—1336),日本南北朝時期的武將,被後人封為「軍神」。 [4]《源平盛衰記》,日本中世時期描寫源氏、平氏兩大武士集團爭戰的「戰記物語」。 [5]亨利·菲爾丁(Henry Fielding, 1717—1754),英國小說家,代表作《棄兒湯姆·瓊斯史》對後世英國小說影響深遠。