第一聲禮炮 · 參考文獻

塔奇曼 《第一聲禮炮》
本書所涉及的時期,除去有關荷蘭的論述外,約計6年,即從1776年到1781年。 構成本書主體的幾個題材,包括對「安德魯·多利亞」號鳴放禮炮,有關荷蘭共和國的論述,這個時期以羅德尼上將為中心的海戰,北美南部的陸上戰鬥,最後還包括通向約克鎮圍困的長途跋涉等。有關這些題材已經出版或者未出版的材料之多,遠遠超過我的預想,而將這些材料一道列入通常的參考書目亦過於龐雜。因此我對使用過的材料加以選擇,僅列出有限的書目,儘量遴選、列舉出對我撰寫本書,或者對那些想進一步研究這個問題的人最有價值的著作。 材料來源見「注釋」,已標出書中相應頁碼,同時從文中選出標記性詞彙。著作名均可在「參考文獻」相應作者名下查到。如該作者著作不止一本,則相關著作特別標明。 字母「q.」標明材料系從第二手材料中引出。 有關議會議程的材料可在《大不列顛,議會》(Great Britain,Parliament)相關卷宗相關日期下查到。 參考著作選錄 有關「安德魯·多利亞」號最完善的材料是J·富蘭克林·詹姆森(J. Franklin Jameson)的《美國革命時的聖尤斯特歇斯島》(St. Eustatius in the American Revolution),有關美國海軍草創時期的材料見威廉·貝爾·克拉克(William Bell Clark)的《美國革命的海軍文件》(Naval Documents of the American Revolution)和塞繆爾·艾略特·莫里森上將(Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison)的《約翰·保羅·瓊斯:一個海員的傳記》(John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biography)。 關於荷蘭共和國,除了必讀的約翰·萊思羅普·莫特利(John Lathrop Motley)的著作外,有關荷蘭反叛和建國更現代、更優秀的著述還有比德魯斯·約翰尼斯·布洛克(Petrus Johannes Blok)的《荷蘭人民史》(History of the People of the Netherlands),C·M·戴維斯(C. M. Davies)的《荷蘭歷史及荷蘭民族》(The History of Holland and the Dutch Nation),以及查爾斯·博克瑟(Charles Boxer)的《荷蘭海上帝國》(The Dutch Seaborne Empire)。 就我書中所涉及的歷史階段而言,目前最有參考價值的是諾德霍爾特·舒爾特(Nordholt Schulte)的《荷蘭共和國及美國獨立》(The Dutch Republic and American Independence),此書對各方面均有涉及。 有關羅德尼上將共有四種傳記。第一部奠基之作是1830年出版的由羅德尼女婿喬治·B·芒迪中將(Lieutenant-General George B. Mundy)撰寫的,此書收錄了大部分通信材料,但是根據該書的編輯喬治·比利亞斯(George Bilias)的說法,芒迪「對原信用詞多有擅改之處」(見1972年版第1卷第9頁前言)。羅德尼尚健在時,在芒迪的作品出版後,海軍傳記作家戴維·漢內於1891也出版了他的傳記。之後又出版了兩種現代版的傳記,分別是1963年出版的唐納德·麥金太爾上尉(Captain Donald Maclntyre)的作品,以及1969年出版的戴維·斯平尼(David Spinney)的作品。 關於海戰的概述,首屈一指的是阿爾弗雷德·塞耶·馬漢的《海權對歷史的影響》(Influence of Sea Power upon Histor);有關海上生活的不可或缺的材料是托比亞斯·斯摩萊特的小說《羅德里克·朗德姆》(Roderick Random),而有關船帆及火炮操縱最有參考價值的則是莫里森上將的《約翰·保羅·瓊斯》(John Paul Jones)。有關我作品所涉及階段的海軍歷史方面最有價值的是W·M·詹姆斯上尉(Captain W. M. James)的《逆境中的英國海軍》(The British Navy in Adversity),和查爾斯·李·劉易斯(Charles Lee Lewis)的《格拉斯上將及美國獨立》(Admiral de Grasse and American Independence)。A·B·C·惠普爾(A. B. C. Whipple)的《風帆戰艦》(Fighting Sail)提供了很好的補充。講述切薩皮克灣海戰的哈羅德·A·拉臘比(Harold A. Larrabee)的《切薩皮克灣的決定》(Decision at the Chesapeake)內容有限,但可讀性很強。 歐內斯特上校和特雷弗·迪普伊的《革命戰爭簡明歷史》(The Compact History of the Revolutionary War)是對當時的美洲陸上戰爭的軍事指南。對於普通讀者而言,如欲對當時階段有全面而生動的了解,我向他們推薦約翰·C·米勒(John C. Miller)的《自由的勝利:1775-1783》(Triumph of Freedom 1775—1783),和塞繆爾·B·格里菲思(Samuel B. Griffith)的《捍衛公共自由》(In Defense of the Public Liberty)。最重要的材料見道格拉斯·索撒爾·弗里曼(Douglas Southall Freeman)七卷本的《喬治·華盛頓》(George Washington),約翰·菲茨派屈克(John Fitzpatrick)編輯的39卷本的華盛頓《文集》(Writings),佩奇·史密斯(Page Smith)的三卷本的約翰·亞當斯傳記及通信,以及專門性研究,例如塞繆爾·弗拉格·比米斯(Samuel Flagg Bemis)的《美國外交史》(A Diplomatic History of the United States 。 關於約克鎮戰役本身,有兩部經過詳加考證並引證當事人言論的優秀著作,托馬斯·J·弗萊明(Thomas J. Fleming)的《最後一次擂響戰鼓》(Beat the Last Drum),和伯克·戴維斯(Burke Davis)的《贏得美國的那場戰役》(The Campaign That Won America)。 有關從哈德孫河到約克鎮的長征,有6個當事人的日記頗具價值:法軍陸軍軍需兵司令兼軍需局局長(the Commissary or Quartermaster for the French army)克勞德·布朗夏爾(Claude Blanchard)的日記,羅尚博將軍助手(Aide to General Rochambeau)路德維希·馮·克洛森男爵的日記,法軍總參謀部加斯帕德·加勒廷少校的日記,羅尚博自己的回憶錄,尤為難得的是在格拉斯手下服務的瑞典中尉卡爾·古斯塔夫·特恩奎斯特的日記,以及由兩名匿名法國軍官撰寫的《格拉斯伯爵率領下法國艦隊的戰役》(Operations of the French Fleet Under the Count de Grasse)。 英國並無第一手有關美國戰爭概述的著作。考慮到戰爭的結果,這可以理解,但例外的是亨利·柯林頓爵士戰後撰寫的慘兮兮的著述。可以彌補這種缺憾的是富蘭克林和瑪麗·威克懷爾(Franklin and Mary Wickwire)聚焦於康沃利斯勳爵在美國的戰役的精心之作,還有已經過世的威廉·威爾科克斯教授(Professor William Willcox)對亨利·柯林頓爵士所做的心理描寫。在英國人所記的日記中,最有意思的是弗雷德里克·麥肯齊上尉的日記,在總司令部撰寫,觀察敏銳,文筆犀利。 英國人所記的不直接與戰爭相關,但有關社會生活的日記很多,價值亦高,包括N. 威廉·拉克索爾爵士的《回憶錄》(Memoirs),曾任英國駐海牙和聖彼得堡公使的馬姆斯伯里伯爵一世詹姆斯·哈里斯(James Harris)的日記,約翰·赫尼奇·傑西(John Heneage Jesse)的回憶錄,尤其重要的是霍勒斯·沃波爾的《最後日記》(Last Journals)。 原始材料 Adams,John,The Book of Abigail and John. Butterfield,Lyman,ed. Harvard,1963. ——,Works,10 vols. Adams,Charles Francis,ed. New York,1850-1856. Anonymous,Operations of the French Fleet Under the Count de Grasse Two Contemporaneous Journals in 1781-1782. New York,1864. Biron,Armand Louis — see Lauzun. Blanchard,Claude,Journal of 1780-83. Trans. Albany,1867. Clark,William Bell,ed.,Naval Documents of the American Revolution,vol. 7. Washington,1976. Clinton Cornwallis Controversy,6 pamphlets,2 vols. Stevens,Benjamin F.,ed. London,1888. Clinton,Sir Henry,The American Rebellion (Sir Henry Clinton’s narrative of his campaign). Willcox,William B.,ed. New Haven,1954. Closen,Baron Ludwig von,The Revolutionary Journal of 1780-1783. Trans. Chapel Hill,1958. Continental Congress,Journals of(Index to papers of),34 vols. Ford,Chancy,ed. National Archives,U. S. Government Printing Office,Washington,D.C.,1921-26. Cornwallis,Charles,First Marquis,Correspondence,3 vols. Ross,Charles,ed. London,1859. Crevecoeur,J. Hector St. John,Letters from an American Farmer. First published 1782;Modern edition,London,1912. Deux-Ponts,Count William de,My Campaigns in America. Boston,1868. Fitzpatrick — see Washington. Fortescue — see George III. Gallatin,Gaspard(Etat Major of the French army and Colonel of the Deux-Ponts regiment),Journal of the Siege of Yorktown in 1781 of the Royal Deux-Ponts. U. S. Government Printing Office,Washington,D.C.,1931. George III,Correspondence from 1760 to December,1783,6 vols. Fortescue,John,ed.London,1927-1928. Great Britain,Parliament,The History,Debates and Proceedings of the Houses of Parliament of Great Britain,1743-1774. Greene,Nathanael,The Papers of General Nathanael Greene,4 vols. R.I. Historical Society,1976 et seq. Harris,James — see Malmesbury. James,Bartholomew,Rear Admiral,Journal of 1752-1828. London,1896. Jesse,John Heneage,Memoirs of the Life and Reign of George III,3 vols. London,1867. Lauzun,Armand Louis de Gontaut,Duc de,Memoirs. Trans. Scott Moncrieff,C. K. New York,1928. Mackenzie,Frederick,Diary of,1775-1781,vol. II. Cambridge,Mass.,1930. 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Philadelphia and New York,1965. Augur,Helen,The Secret War of Independence. New York,1955. Bancroft,George,History of the United States of America,6 vols. Boston,1876. Bass,Robert D.,The Green Dragoon (life of Banastre Tarleton). New York,1957. Bemis,Samuel Flagg,A Diplomatic History of the United States. New Haven,1936. Blok,Petrus Johannes,History of the People of the Netherlands,5 vols,(parts); Part III,The War with Spain 1568-1648. London and New York,1912. Boulton,William B.,Sir Joshua Reynolds. New York,1905. Boxer,Charles,The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600-1800. New York,1965. Brooke,John,King George III. New York,1972. Bruin,Fred de,St. Eustatius 「A Golden Link with the Independence of the United States,」De Halve Maen,Quarterly Journal of the Holland Society of New York,vol. 58,no. 2,New York,1984. Burch,Jr.,Lucius E.,「The Guns of Statia.」Pamphlet,1966. Callender,Geoffrey,Sea Kings of Britain: Keppel to Nelson,vol. III. London and New York,1911. Carmer,Carl,The Hudson. New York,1939. Carter,Alice,「The Dutch as Neutrals in the Seven Years War,」International &Comparative Law Quarterly. July,1963. Clowes,William Lairo,The Royal Navy,vol. IV. London,1899. Corwin,Edward S.,French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778. Princeton,1916. Davies,C. M.,The History of Holland and the Dutch Nation. London,1851. Davis,Burke,The Campaign That Won America. New York,1970. Doniol,Henri,Histoire de la Participation de la France à L』Etablissement des Etats-Unis d』Amérique,5 vols. Paris,1890. Dupuy,R. Ernest and Trevor N.,The Compact History of the Revolutionary War. New York,1963. Edler,Friedrich,The Dutch Republic and the American Revolution. Baltimore,1911. Fleming,Thomas J.,Beat the Last Drum. New York,1963. Freeman,Douglas Southall,George Washington; A Biography,7 vols. New York,1952. Garraty,John A.,and Gay,Peter,Columbia History of the World. New York,1972. Geyl,Pieter,The Revolt of the Netherlands,2nd ed. London,1958. 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Motley,John Lathrop,Rise of the Dutch Republic,3 vols. New York,1875-78. Mundy,Lieutenant-General George B.,The Life and Correspondence of the Late Admiral Rodney,2 vols. London,1830. New ed. 1836(in 1 vol). Namier,Lewis,The Structure of Politics. London,1957. Nordholt,Jan Willem — see Schulte. Palmer,R. R.,and Coulton,Joel,A History of the Modern World. New York,1962. Parry,J. H.,Trade and Dominion; European Overseas Empires in the 18th Century. Londonand New York,1971. Prescott,Benjamin F.,「The Stars and Stripes. When,Where and by Whom was it First Saluted?」 Republican Press Association,Concord,N.H.,1876. Schama,Simon,Patriots and Liberators; Revolution in the Netherlands 1790-1813. New York,1978. Schulte,Nordholt,The Dutch Republic and American Independence. Chapel Hill and London,1982. Scott,James Brown,de Grasse at Yorktown. Baltimore,1931. Smith,Page,John Adams,3 vols. New York,1962. ——,A New Age Now Begins; A People’s History of the American Revolution,3 vols. New York,1976. 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